science, the endless frontier citation

During the war it has been necessary for selected groups of scientists to work on specialized problems, with relatively little information as to what other groups were doing and had done. The classic case for why government must support sciencewith a new essay by physicist and former congressman Rush Holt on what democracy needs from science today. (Strohman et al., 2007; Liang et al., 2011; Ren et al., 2014; Bhagavatula et al., 2018). the science: the endless frontiers report consists of six parts, which are: part one-introduction, includes scientific progress is essential; part two - the war on disease; part thre -science and the public welfare; part four-renewal of our scientific talent; part five-a problem of scientific reconversion; part six-the means to the end. Cookies on OCLC websites. It should be drafted with great care. Basically there is no reason to believe that scientists of other countries will not in time rediscover everything we now know which is held in secrecy. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 It has been basic United States policy that Government should foster the opening of new frontiers. - It should be the function of this Division to support long-range scientific research on military matters. Early action is imperative, however, if this nation is to meet the challenge of science and fully utilize the potentialities of science. When aided by selective devices for picking out scientifically talented youth, it is clear that large sums of money for scholarships and fellowships and monetary and other rewards in disproportionate amounts might draw into science too large a percentage of the nation's high ability, with a result highly detrimental to the nation and to science. To date, with the exception of the intensive war research conducted by the Office of Scientific Research and Development, such support has been meager and intermittent. The development of the. There has been dramatic progress in surgery. The trend is unlikely to be driven by changes in citation practices or the quality of published work. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and governments responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Two of those limitations are especially worthy of our attention. As stated earlier in this report, military preparedness requires a permanent, independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds direct from Congress and the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. Research will always suffer when put in competition with operations. Office of Scientific Research and Development; Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974 Publication date 1960 Topics Science and state -- United States, Research -- United States Publisher Washington, National Science Foundation Collection The benefits of basic research do not reach all industries equally or at the same speed. In retrospect: ScienceThe endless frontier. This is an important read for everyone who is deeply concerned about the status of science in todays discourse. We have a serious deficit in scientific personnel partly because the men who would have studied science in the colleges and universities have been serving in the Armed Forces. Like troops, the scientists have been mobilized, and thrown into action to serve their country in time of emergency. Committed suicide at war's end. Since research is unlike the procurement of standardized items, which are susceptible to competitive bidding on fixed specifications, the legislation creating the National Research Foundation should free the Foundation from the obligation to place its contracts for research through advertising for bids. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. At their best they provide the scientific worker with a strong sense of solidarity and security, as well as a substantial degree of personal intellectual freedom. Vannevar Bush distills in graceful prose his deep experience of directing research during World War II and Rush Holts new introduction points to how science is essential for all citizens and a vibrant democracy. The Endless Frontier: The Next 75 Years in Science. Some of us know the vital role which radar has played in bringing the United Nations to victory over Nazi Germany and in driving the Japanese steadily back from their island bastions. The Foundation here proposed has been described only in outline. A permanent Science Advisory Board should be created to consult with these scientific bureaus and to advise the executive and legislative branches of Government as to the policies and budgets of Government agencies engaged in scientific research. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. Scientific progress. They should be persons of broad interest in and understanding of the peculiarities of scientific research and education. Many of the most important discoveries have come as a result of experiments undertaken with very different purposes in mind. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. I am convinced that these new functions should be centered in one agency. Such an agency, moreover, should be an independent agency devoted to the support of scientific research and advanced scientific education alone. Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. Within days, we learned that just such a challengethe global COVID-19 pandemichad already arrived. Directions, Princeton Asia (Beijing) Consulting Co., Ltd. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). There is one other matter which requires special mention. Most of the information needed by industry and in education can be released without disclosing its embodiments in actual military material and devices. We think it very important that every boy and girl shall know that, if he shows that he has what it takes, the sky is the limit. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): On February 16, 1999, the federal governmentannounced a major change to its science policy.Some $450 million in public funds will be spent to create research institutes and networks of centres of excellence with the goal of promoting research activities and targeting specific scientific objectives. In the Government the arrangement whereby the numerous scientific agencies form parts of larger departments has both advantages and disadvantages. An edition of Science, the endless frontier (1945) Science, the endless frontier. Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. "US Congresswoman Anna Eshoo, "Vannevar Bushs influential text, Science, the Endless Frontier, laid out a roadmap for a whole new relationship between science, technology, and the federal government. Effects of Mobilization of Science for War. The Armed Services should comb their records for men who, prior to or during the war, have given evidence of talent for science, and make prompt arrangements, consistent with current discharge plans, for ordering those who remain in uniform as soon as militarily possible to duty at institutions here and overseas where they can continue their scientific education. BERNHARD RUST (1883 - 1945) Nazi Minister of Science, Education and National Culture. It will not receive the attention it requires if left to industry. These areas -- such as research on military problems, agriculture, housing, public health, certain medical research, and research involving expensive capital facilities beyond the capacity of private institutions -- should be advanced by active Government support. To support international cooperation in science by providing financial aid for international meetings, associations of scientific societies, and scientific research programs organized on an international basis. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. For every 1,000 students in the fifth grade, 600 are lost to education before the end of high school, and all but 72 have ceased formal education before completion of college. "We think we probably would not, even if we were all-wise and all-knowing, write you a plan whereby you would be assured of scientific leadership at one stroke. From October 6 - November 10, 2022. . To review and balance the financial requirements of the several Divisions and to propose to the President the annual estimate for the funds required by each Division. Now elevated and updated by the brilliant writing of former congressman Rush Holt, an unmatched champion for the advancement of science, this book is a forceful declaration of the value of science for our democracy and a ringing call to action for policymakers and the American people alike. Reprints and Permissions. Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more; Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more; Databases Locate databases by title and description; Journals Find journal titles; UWDC Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more; Website Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more . Further, it is clear that only the Government can undertake military research; for it must be carried on in secret, much of it has no commercial value, and it is expensive. Government initiative, support, and coordination can be very effective in this development phase. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. E-Book Overview. It is essential that both kinds of research go forward and that there be the closest liaison between the two groups. During the same period expenditures for scientific research in the colleges and universities increased from $20,000,000 to $31,000,000, while those in the endowed research institutes declined from $5,200,000 to $4,500,000. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. The figures have been taken from a variety of sources and arbitrary definitions have necessarily been applied, but it is believed that they may be accepted as indicating the following trends: If the colleges, universities, and research institutes are to meet the rapidly increasing demands of industry and Government for new scientific knowledge, their basic research should be strengthened by use of public funds. In order to accomplish the purposes of the Foundation the Members should establish several professional Divisions to be responsible to the Members. It should be brought to the center of the stage -- for in it lies much of our hope for the future. Conceptualmente hablando, la Big Science estuvo y est basada en el modelo lineal del conocimiento, que fue formulado por primera vez por Vannevar Bush en su clebre informe al presidente Roosevelt, Science, the Endless Frontier (1945). Compra Science, the endless frontier: A report to the President by Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of scientific research and development. The traditional sources of support for medical research, largely endowment income, foundation grants, and private donations, are diminishing, and there is no immediate prospect of a change in this trend. The most important single factor in scientific and technical work is the quality of the personnel employed. It is inhibited by conventional approaches, traditions, and standards. VI. The primary place for medical research is in the medical schools and universities. The committee advising me on scientific personnel has stated the following principle which should guide our planning: "If we were all-knowing and all-wise we might, but we think probably not, write you a plan whereby there might be selected for training, which they otherwise would not get, those who, 20 years hence, would be scientific leaders, and we might not bother about any lesser manifestations of scientific ability. Consider, for example, water. Nature - "Science, the Endless Frontier" . Office of scientific rese. Plans for release of such information should be coordinated with our allies to minimize danger of international friction which would result from sporadic uncontrolled release. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. Responsibility to the people, through the President and Congress, should be placed in the hands of, say nine Members, who should be persons not otherwise connected with the Government and not representative of any special interest, who should be known as National Research Foundation Members, selected by the President on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the purposes of the Foundation. We have been living on our fat. Only through such responsibility can we maintain the proper relationship between science and other aspects of a democratic system. Finally, the normal vouchering requirements of the General Accounting Office with respect to detailed itemization or substantiation of vouchers submitted under cost contracts should be relaxed for research contractors. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. The rewards of such exploration both for the Nation and the individual are great. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. Hence Government, like industry, is dependent on the colleges, universities, and research institutes to expand the basic scientific frontiers and to furnish trained scientific investigators. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. Steps should be taken to reduce that handicap. The form is important. The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. CHAPTER 3. Now the situation is different. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. But these things do not mark the end of progress -- they are but the beginning if we make full use of our scientific resources. Written by Vannevar Bush, president of the Carnegie Institution of . The extent of this contribution in turn depends on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory. But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Author. Moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit of the latest scientific developments. The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. This point has been well stated by the Moe Committee as follows: "As citizens, as good citizens, we therefore think that we must have in mind while examining the question before us -- the discovery and development of scientific talent -- the needs of the whole national welfare. Members should establish several professional Divisions to be driven by changes in practices... Agency, moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit the. Country in time of emergency be centered in one agency security regulations is but one phase of the scientific... Of published work important read for everyone who is deeply concerned about the status of science, the have... 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